Abstract: This Article reconstructs the history of Black antiwar activism in the twentieth-century United States and argues that Black antiwar activists played a significant but largely forgotten role in the development of both modern civil rights law and the international law of war and peace. The Article focuses on the career of W.E.B. Du Bois, tracing how he built coalitions between civil rights and antiwar organizations to pursue a series of shared legal campaigns. Du Bois’s antiwar work was also representative of a larger tradition, and his career illuminates how a range of Black activists and civil rights lawyers like Pauli Murray, Prentice Thomas, Ella Baker, and Martin Luther King, Jr. creatively merged civil rights and antiwar protest.
These activists redefined the very idea of peace, as both a legal and a political category, to include racial equality. As a result of that conceptual shift, they also advocated for a much richer set of legal proposals to regulate warfare. While mainstream white peace activists and international lawyers in the first half of the twentieth century emphasized a formalistic legal ban on war, Du Bois and other Black activists consistently pursued a much more radical set of structural interventions in the socio-economic system that they believed would, functionally, help to prevent war. Their proposed interventions included global decolonization, economic redistribution, and equal civil, political, and socio-economic rights, which they saw as the path to lasting peace.
This Article recovers the legal and intellectual history of that more radical vision for the law of peace. It shows how a “long antiwar movement” collaborated with the better-known “long civil rights movement” across the twentieth century, and it traces how those collaborations helped remake civil rights and global governance. The Article then explores the normative lessons this history holds for vital debates today about movement building, movement lawyering, and the best legal tools to secure racial equality and constrain the use of military force.
